Pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis) are majestic, long-lived deciduous trees native to the southern United States and northern Mexico. They can grow to impressive heights of 70 to 100 feet, with a broad, spreading canopy that provides ample shade. Known for their rich, buttery-flavoured nuts, pecan trees are both economically and ecologically valuable. Their leaves are pinnately compound, with slender leaflets that turn golden-yellow in the fall. Pecan trees thrive in well-drained, deep soils and require a warm climate with plenty of sunlight. In spring, they produce inconspicuous flowers that develop into clusters of oblong nuts encased in a green husk, which splits open when ripe. Beyond their agricultural importance, pecan trees also serve as vital habitats for wildlife and contribute to the biodiversity of southern woodlands.

How To Grow

1. Choose the Right Variety Select a variety suited to your climate. Some pecan cultivars do better in humid southern states, while others are more tolerant of cooler temperatures. Also, choose one with resistance to pests like pecan scab.

2. Location, Location, Location Pick a sunny spot with deep, well-drained soil. Pecan trees need lots of space—at least 30 to 50 feet from other trees or structures, as they grow large.

3. Planting Best time: Late fall or winter while the tree is dormant. Hole size: Dig a hole twice as wide and as deep as the root ball. Gently spread out the roots and plant at the same depth as it was in the nursery container. Backfill with soil, water thoroughly, and apply mulch around the base (but not against the trunk).

4. Watering & Care Water young trees deeply and regularly, especially during the first 2–3 years. Mature trees need less frequent watering, but during dry spells, they still benefit from deep soaking. Keep the area weed-free and mulch annually to retain moisture.

5. Fertilizing Don’t fertilize the first year. In year two, apply a balanced fertilizer (like 10-10-10) in early spring. Mature trees often benefit from zinc supplements, as they’re prone to zinc deficiency.

6. Pollination Pecan trees are not self-pollinating, so plant at least two different varieties nearby to ensure good nut production.

7. Patience Pays Off Pecan trees take 6 to 10 years to start producing nuts and can live and bear fruit for 100 years or more.

How/When To Harvesting

1. Know When They're Ready Pecans are usually ready to harvest in late September to November, depending on the variety and climate. You'll know they’re ripe when: The green outer husk splits open. Nuts fall naturally to the ground. The shell underneath is brown and firm.

2. Let Them Drop Pecans are best harvested after they fall. Shake the tree gently or wait for wind to help. You can also use a long pole or mechanical tree shaker to speed up the process.

3. Gather Quickly Collect fallen nuts daily, especially if it’s rainy or damp—pecans left too long on the ground can become mouldy or be eaten by squirrels, birds, or insects.

4. Remove the Husks If the nuts still have the green husk attached, remove it by hand or use a simple husking tool. Gloves help—husk juice can stain your hands.

5. Dry the Pecans Spread pecans out in a well-ventilated, shaded area for 2–3 weeks. Stir occasionally. Proper drying prevents mould and ensures longer storage.

6. Test for Dryness Crack a few nuts—if the kernel breaks cleanly and feels firm, they’re ready. If rubbery or soft, they need more drying time.

7. Store Properly In-shell pecans: Store in a cool, dry place for up to 6–12 months. Shelled pecans: Refrigerate or freeze in airtight containers for maximum freshness.